The paper studies on the competition among government, domestic and foreign steel interest groups and downstream interest groups from the perspective of the cases of steel import protection measures and “cold rolled plates”anti-dumping. The results show that when facing interests, the domestic iron and steel enterprises, foreign steel companies and the government as well as the steel-downstream enterprises will quickly form interest groups. From the perspective of the mechanism, the domestic iron and steel interests mainly through political connections affect the government, foreign and domestic steel downstream interest groups mainly produce political pressure on government. From the perspective of the effect, powerful domestic steel interest groups can get the“double” of trade protection, which helps them to expand production capacity, but also hides troubles of overcapacity. In addition, the existence of foreign interest groups and steel downstream interest groups can reduce the intensity of trade protection to a certain extent, and shorten the time of trade protection.