To ensure the smooth circulation and improve the level of circulation, it is essential to build solid and secure domestic supply chain. Based on the background of China’s initiative to expand imports, this paper investigates the impact of import competition on the resilience of domestic supply chain using the data from Chinese A-share listed enterprises spanning from 2008 to 2020. The study reveals that import competition in general significantly boost the resilience of domestic supply chain, with the local market size serving as a positive moderator for this effect. Import competition mainly improves the adaptability and restoration capacity of enterprises’domestic supply chains. Mechanism analysis shows that import competition prompts firms to improve internal control level and external resource integration ability to resist business risks, therefore improve the resilience of domestic supply chain. Additionally, leading enterprises, non-state-owned enterprises and enterprises with higher digital level experience greater benefits from the effect of import competition on domestic supply chain resilience. The competitive pressure of imported products from developing economies has a stronger effect on enhancing the resilience of enterprises’domestic supply chains. Spillover effect analysis of industry correlation shows that import competition in both upstream and downstream industries significantly boosts the domestic supply chain resilience, in which backward spillover is more pronounced. The conclusion of this study has enlightening significance to support the construction of enterprises’high-level domestic supply chain in the important context of further opening up to the outside world.