Amid increasing uncertainty in the international environment, the steady enhancement of Chinese enterprises’export capability is crucial for improving the quality and stabilizing the scale of foreign trade. The formation and restructuring of global value chains (GVCs) have profoundly reshaped the power of countries and enterprises. From the perspective of dominant power in GVCs,this paper discusses how GVC participation helps enterprises cope with external shocks and enhance export capability. By constructing a multi-product enterprise model and introducing a GVC position index, this paper analyzes the impact of anti-dumping measures on enterprise export capability and the moderating effect of GVC position. Using a multi-period DID model, the empirical results show that anti-dumping measures exert a reverse-pressure effect that improves enterprise export capability, and a higher GVC position further amplifies this effect. The amplification effect is mainly found among non-state-owned enterprises, small and micro enterprises,and non-steel industries, and operates through the channels of market competition and risk diversification. Against the backdrop of accelerated GVC restructuring, enterprises should attach greater importance to upgrading their GVC position, thereby strengthening their dominant power in GVCs, transforming external pressure into development momentum, and improving export capability.